Imuwan who think
philosophically, is expected to understand the philosophy of life,
explore the basic elements of science are thoroughly practiced so
much wiser in understanding the source, nature and purpose of science
is practiced, including their use for the community. To achieve that
goal, then the process of education should not merely to achieve an
end goal but also to learn the things done to achieve the ultimate
goal. Thus, in addition to a person knowledgeable scientists also
have the wisdom, truth, ethics and aesthetics. Epistemologically it
can be said that the existing science today is the result of the
accumulation of knowledge that occur with growth, pergan-tian and
absorption theory. The emergence of new theories that reinforce the
old theory would strengthen the image of normal science. However,
anomalies in the scientific research that can not be completed by the
paradigm FITNESS FOR referencing research, led to the development of
new paradigms that can solve problems and guide the subsequent
research (giving birth to the revolution of science). Growth theory
and paradigm shifts are po-la normal development of a mature science.
Development of analytical tools also encourage the development of
science. Examples of epistemology of science where there is a change
in the theory and paradigm shifts seen in the development of atomic
theory, theory of inheritance and the discovery of the universe. In
the development of science, a mistake may occur especially during the
formation of a new paradigm. However, to avoid making mistakes which
is then covered and acknowledged as truth. · The development of
atomic theory atomic concept articulated by Leucippus and Democritus
(6th century BC): the material (all things in nature) are physically
prepared by a number of very small objects (atoms). Atoms are
extremely small particles, solid and can not be divided, moving in
space and is eternal. According to John Dalton (1766-1844) of each
chemical element is formed by particles that can not be parsed
(atom). The paradigm shift occurs when it can be proved that the atom
was split and have electron (JJ Thomson 0.1856 to 1940) and proton
(E. Goldstein, 1886). Knowledge that the atom could be split to make
them scientists and their atomic structure. Thomson, the analogies of
atoms as white bread with raisins, in which electrons and positive
particles distributed uniformly. From the study of E. Rutherford
(1871-1937) concluded that the electrons orbit the nucleus. This
postulate repaired by J. Chadwick (1891-1974): the atom has a nucleus
consisting of nuclei and electrons orbiting around it, and then
refined by Niels Bohr who consider the effect of quantization of
atomic energy. The theories of the atom and its structure are still
refined. When this started happening anomaly that sued the existing
paradigm. Murray Gell-Mann (1964) says, protons and neutrons can
still be divided into quarks. · The development of thinking about
the nature of inheritance theory of inheritance has been around since
ancient times. Plato describes the esensialismenya understand,
everyone is a shadow of the ideal type. In essence, human beings are
equal and diversity in the world means nothing. The development of
this theory begins with Darwin’s dilemma: what is the cause of the
variations and what maintains variation? According to F. Galton,
every child’s tendency towards the average of the properties of its
parent. Hereditary traits and mixed continuum-NYU, children are the
average of both parents, then there is no variation. Meanwhile,
according to Darwin, keragamanlah that matters, not the average but
Darwin could not explain why such diversity can occur. Provisional
hypothesis explains that the coffee cells of any tissue that is
inserted into the blood (gemmules) was the one that produces the
diversity when gemmule is formed and converted back into the cell
body at the time of reproduction.
But
the history of science proves that the development of the next cell
hypothesis is wrong. Mendell who perform and produce nuts crossing
different varieties, smooth and wrinkled but no one in the middle,
concluded that inherited traits are discrete, there is a dominant and
one recessive, but do not mix. The theory was then used as the basis
for the development of the theory of heredity. · The development of
the solar theory prediction of the sun, stars, moon and eclipse
Baylonia already done the nation, 4000 years ago. Greek cosmology
(4SM) said the center of the earth and all celestial bodies around
the earth. This concept is broken Copernicus (1473-1543) which states
that the sun is the center of the solar system and earth moving in
circular orbits mengelinginya. Copernicus’s theory became the
foundation of the early development of knowledge about the solar
system. A scientist is in a position where he has knowledge based on
facts (factual knowledge). But that fact does not mean though it can
be instrumental if not applicable. Application of a study of science
was going to have useful values (axiological), which gives meaning to
the truth or reality that is found in all aspects of life study of
philosophy with respect to the fundamental truth-seeking. A
scientist, let examine the fundamental truth of an alternative
solution which handed. A scientist also has a social responsibility
to give proper perspective to the problems facing the scientific and
alternative solutions to ordinary society. With the mastery of
science, a scientist should also be influencing public opinion to the
problems they are supposed to realize. For example, study the science
of biotechnology, the green revolution (seeds, pesticides, chemical
fertilizers) and transgenic plants have increased factual knowledge
that Dimi had. But, when it will be applied to society as an
alternative to solve the problem, such as applications of transgenic
plants to address food production continues to decline, then we need
to question the fundamental truth behind them. What causes the real
problem? What are the alternative solutions to the problem? Does the
proposed alternative is the best alternative to solve the problem?
How to study the benefits and risks of this alternative chosen? What
about its impact on the humanitarian, environmental, economic and
social system? These things must be studied and answered by
scientists before these alternatives actually chosen to address a
problem. So there is no case where an application of factual
knowledge was ultimately negative impact on human, environmental,
social or other aspects of community life.
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